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Sains Malaysiana 55(3)(2026): 531-548
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2026-5503-14
Harmful Algal Blooms in Malaysia:
Occurrence, Preparedness, Challenges, and Recommendations
(Ledakan Alga Berbahaya di
Malaysia: Kejadian, Kesiapsiagaan, Cabaran dan Cadangan)
JEREMY JASON CHWAN CHUONG CHIN, CHOO TA GOH* &
LING LING TAN
Institute
for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
Received:
22 July 2025/Accepted: 2 March 2026
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) pose
increasing environmental and economic threats to Malaysia, affecting marine
ecosystems, fisheries, and public health. This study reviews HAB occurrences
from 2001 to 2024, analyzing species diversity, geographical expansion, and
response strategies. Findings show that Pyrodinium bahamense, Alexandrium minutum, and Margalefidinium polykrikoides remain the dominant species, but
newly emerging harmful algae, such as Pseudo-nitzschia and Gambierdiscus belizeanus,
indicate diversification of HAB species. Reports confirm a rise in HAB
frequency, extending beyond previously affected regions like Sabah to
Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia's current HAB early warning system is reactive,
relying on time-consuming conventional microscopy and resource-intensive
molecular tools. While international advancements include satellite remote
sensing, its application in Malaysia is challenged by frequent cloud cover and
high costs. To improve, this review highlights the need for rapid,
cost-efficient, on-site localized detection technologies like broad detection
tools (biosensors). Implementing these methods will enable real-time monitoring
and accurate, rapid identification of HAB events, leading to more effective and
proactive management. Moreover, strengthening multi-agency collaboration,
enforcing stricter pollution controls, and enhancing public awareness programs
are crucial for long-term mitigation. These strategies offer a pathway toward a
sustainable, technology-driven approach to HAB management in Malaysia.
Keywords: Algal species
diversification; early warning systems; Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs); Malaysia;
mitigation strategies
Abstrak
Ledakan Alga Berbahaya (LAB) semakin mengancam alam sekitar dan ekonomi Malaysia, menjejaskan ekosistem marin, perikanan dan kesihatan awam. Penyelidikan ini mengulas kejadian LAB dari tahun 2001 hingga 2024 dengan menganalisis kepelbagaian spesies, peluasan geografi dan strategi tindak balas. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa Pyrodinium bahamense, Alexandrium minutum dan Margalefidinium polykrikoides kekal sebagai spesies dominan, namun kemunculan alga berbahaya baharu seperti Pseudo-nitzschia dan Gambierdiscus belizeanus menunjukkan kepelbagaian spesies LAB yang semakin meningkat. Laporan juga mengesahkan peningkatan kekerapan kejadian LAB yang kini turut berlaku di Semenanjung Malaysia, bukan lagi terhad kepada kawasan seperti Sabah sahaja. Sistem amaran awal LAB di Malaysia ketika ini bersifat reaktif, bergantung kepada teknik mikroskopik konvensional yang memakan masa dan kaedah molekul yang memerlukan sumber tinggi. Walaupun terdapat kemajuan di peringkat antarabangsa seperti penderiaan jauh satelit, penggunaannya di Malaysia terhad disebabkan oleh liputan awan yang kerap dan kos yang tinggi. Bagi meningkatkan keupayaan pemantauan, kajian ini menekankan keperluan kritikal terhadap teknologi pengesanan pantas, kos-efisien dan setempat seperti alat pengesanan menyeluruh (biosensor). Pelaksanaan kaedah ini membolehkan pemantauan masa nyata dan pengesanan kejadian LAB yang lebih cepat dan tepat, sekali gus membolehkan pengurusan yang lebih berkesan dan proaktif. Selain itu, pengukuhan kerjasama antara agensi, penguatkuasaan kawalan pencemaran yang lebih ketat dan peningkatan program kesedaran awam amat penting untuk mitigasi jangka panjang. Strategi ini menawarkan laluan ke arah pendekatan pengurusan LAB yang mampan dan dipacu teknologi di Malaysia.
Kata kunci: Kepelbagaian spesies alga; Ledakan Alga Berbahaya (LAB);
Malaysia; sistem amaran awal; strategi mitigasi
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*Corresponding author; email:
gohchoota@ukm.edu.my
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